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Hiển thị các bài đăng có nhãn ARM. Hiển thị tất cả bài đăng
Hiển thị các bài đăng có nhãn ARM. Hiển thị tất cả bài đăng

Learning Machine Code with 8-bit Microcontrollers

Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 10, 2011 / 09:08

To understand deeply in processor architecture, we have to learn the Machine Code. I decide to select the 8051 microcontroller as a microprocessor model. A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. They integrate many modules on one chip such as RAM, Flash memory, EEPROM, serial ports (UARTs), I²C, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), analog-to-digital converters (ADC), clock generator (XTAL) and more.

Humans almost never write programs directly in machine code. Instead, they use a programming language which is translated by the computer into machine code. The simplest kind of programming language is assembly language which usually has a one-to-one correspondence with the resulting machine code instructions but allows the use of mnemonics (ASCII strings) for the "op codes" (the part of the instruction which encodes the basic type of operation to perform) and names for locations in the program (branch labels) and for variables and constants.

Installing ASEM-51

ASEM-51 is a two-pass macro assembler for the Intel MCS-51 family of microcontrollers. It is running on the PC under MS-DOS, Windows and Linux. The ASEM-51 assembly language is based on the standard Intel syntax, and implements conditional assembly, macros, and include file processing. The assembler can output object code in Intel-HEX or Intel OMF-51 format as well as a detailed list file. The ASEM-51 package includes support for more than 180 8051 derivatives, a bootstrap program for MCS-51 target boards, and documentation in ASCII and HTML format. And it is free ...

The simplest way of installing ASEM-51 is copying all files of the package to your working directory, and enjoy the benefits of true plug-and-play compatibility!. Alternatively, I have set it up on Windows XP manually:
  • Downloads the lastest ASEM-51 for DOS/Windows (currently v1.3)
  • Create a new, empty directory on your harddisk (C:\ASEM51).
  • Unpack your ASEM-51 distribution archive into this directory, or copy all files of the ASEM-51 package into it.
  • Make the scratch directory default, run the batch file INSTALL.BAT provided, and follow the instructions.
  • Reboot your PC.

You can update MPU file by downloading http://plit.de/asem-51/mcufiles.zip.

References
Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 10, 2011 09:08 Đọc tiếp >>

Understanding Processor Architecture: RISC versus CISC

Popular processor designs can be broadly divided into two categories: Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). The dominant processor in the PC market, Pentium, belongs to the CISC category. However, the recent trend is to use the RISC designs. Even Intel has moved from CISC to RISC design for their 64-bit processor.

CISC systems use complex instructions. For example, adding two integers is considered a simple instruction. But, an instruction that copies an element from one array to another and automatically updates both array subscripts is considered a complex instruction. RISC systems use only simple instructions. Furthermore, RISC systems assume that the required operands are in the processor’s internal registers, not in the main memory. It turns out that characteristics like simple instructions and restrictions like register-based operands not only simplify the processor design but also result in a processor that provides improved application performance.

Several factors contributed to the popularity of CISC in the 1970s. In those days, memory was very expensive and small in capacity. Even in the mid-1970s, the price of a small 16 KB memory was about $500. So there was a need to minimize the amount of memory required to store a program. An implication of this requirement is that each processor instruction must do more, leading to complex instruction set designs. Complex instructions meant complex hardware, which was also expensive. This was a problem processor designers grappled with until Wilkes proposed microprogrammed control in the early 1950s.

ISA-level
Figure 1. The ISA-level architecture can be implemented either directly in hardware or through a microprogrammed control.

A microprogram is a small run-time interpreter that takes the complex instruction and generates a sequence of simple instructions that can be executed by the hardware. Thus the hardware need not be complex. Once it became possible to design such complex processors by using microprogrammed control, designers went crazy and tried to close the semantic gap between the instructions of the processor and high-level languages. This semantic gap refers to the fact that each instruction in a high-level language specifies a lot more work than an instruction in the machine language. Think of a while loop statement in a high-level language such as C, for example. If we have a processor instruction with the while loop semantics, we could just use one machine language instruction. This explains why most CISC designs use microprogrammed control, as shown in Figure 1.

RISC designs, on the other hand, eliminate the microprogram layer and use the hardware to directly execute instructions. Here is another reason why RISC processors can potentially give improved performance. One advantage of using microprogrammed control is that we can implement variations on the basic ISA architecture by simply modifying the microprogram; there is no need to change the underlying hardware. Thus it is possible to come up with cheaper versions as well as high-performance processors for the same family of processors.

References
  • Guide to RISC Processors for Programmers and Engineers by Sivarama P. Dandamudi, Springer (2005), ISBN 0-387-21017-2.
Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 10, 2011 09:07 Đọc tiếp >>

8051 mcu, von Neumann vs Harvard Architectures

We can classify computer architectures into two categories:

von Neumann architecture: computers has a single, common memory space in which both program instructions and data are stored. There is a single internal data bus that fetches both instructions and data. They can not be performed at the same time.

Harvard architecture: computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data. There are two or more internal data buses, which allow simultaneous access to both instructions and data. The CPU fetches program instructions on the program memory bus.

The 8051 microcontrollers (MCS-51) have an 8-bit data bus. They can address 64K of external data memory and 64K of external program memory. These may be separate blocks of memory, so that up to 128K of memory can be attached to the microcontroller. Separate blocks of code and data memory are referred to as the Harvard architecture. A single block of memory may be mapped to act as both data and program memory. This is referred to as the Von Neumann architecture.

The 8051 has two separate read signals, RD# (P3.7) and PSEN#. The RD# (P3.7) is activated by clearing to logic level 0 when a byte is to be read from external data memory, PSEN#, from external program memory. All external code is fetched from external program memory. The bytes from external program memory may be read by special read instructions such as the MOVC. And there are separate instructions to read from external data memory, such as the MOVX instruction. In order to read from the same block using either the RD# signal or the PSEN# signal, the two signals are combined with a logic AND operation. This way, the output of the AND gate is low when either input is low.

By adopting the Von Neumann architecture, code may be written to memory as data bytes, and then executed as program instructions.

Further Reading
Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 10, 2011 09:02 Đọc tiếp >>

Microcontroller Programmer DIY

I search about this issue for a while, "Building programmer of our own designs". I found a few of open source programmer projects so that every body can use and contribute it. Here is an opportunity of learning the microcontroller programmer designs from that open schematics.

Here is a list of Microcontroller Programmer, Do It Yourself (DIY).
    8051
  • ATMEL 89C Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer Ver 1.1 - This programmer was designed in view of to be flexible, economical and easy to built, the programmer hardware utilizes the standard TTL series parts and no special components are used. The programmer is interfaced with the PC parallel port and there is no special requirement for the PC parallel port, so the older computers can also be used with this programmer.
  • Atmel 89C2051 In-Circuit Programmer Schematic - The idea is to add this circuitry to a board with already has ram at 2000 and an 82C55 I/O chip to provide ports A, B and C. This is a "beta release" schematic. Use at your own risk
  • ISP Flash Microcontroller Programmer Ver 3.0 - This ISP Programmer can be used either for in-system programming or as a stand-alone spi programmer for Atmel ISP programmable devices. The programming interface is compatible to STK200 ISP programmer hardware so the users of STK200 can also use the software which can program both the 8051 and AVR series devices.
  • Atmel AT89Cx051 programmer
  • PIC
  • PP06 PIC Programmer Software - PP06 is an open-source Production programmer for Microchip's PIC micros. Specifically designed for use in factory in-circuit programming, and development of master/slave systems it supports many pics,and is easily extended to different hardware.
  • Classic PIC Programmer - The classic PIC 16C84/16F84 programmer. The design is originally by David Tait and modified by Bob Blick
  • AVR
  • AVR911: AVR Open-source Programmer - The AVR Open-source Programmer (AVROSP) is an AVR programmer application that replaces the AVRProg tool included in AVR Studio. It is a command-line tool, using the same syntax as the STK500 and JTAGICE command-line tools in AVR Studio.
  • AVR In-System Programmer - They provide details on our version of the Atmel AVR In-System Programmer (ISP). They provide schematics and printed circuit board (PCB) art to allow you to construct your own programmer.
Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 10, 2011 09:02 Đọc tiếp >>

Understanding Processor Architecture: Machine and Assembly Language

The processor understands only the machine language, whose instructions consist of strings of 1s and 0s. Machine language is closely related to the assembly language. We prefer to use the assembly language rather than the machine language. Programming in the assembly language also requires knowledge about the processor architecture.

Assembly language programming is referred to low-level programming because each assembly language instruction performs a much lower-level task compared to an instruction in a high-level language. Assembly language instructions are processor specification dependents. For example, a program written in the Intel assembly language cannot be executed on the PowerPC processor.

Here are some IA-32 assembly language examples:
inc result
mov class_size, 45
and mask1, 128
add marks, 10

The first instruction increments the variable result. This assembly language instruction is equivalent to

result++;

in C. The second instruction initializes class_size to 45. The equivalent statement in C is

class_size = 45;

The third instruction performs the bitwise and operation on mask1 and can be expressed in C as

mask1 = mask1 & 128;

The last instruction updates marks by adding 10. In C, this is equivalent to

marks = marks + 10;

We can translate the assembly language instructions to the equivalent machine language instructions. Machine language instructions are written in the hexadecimal number system. Here are some IA-32 machine language examples:
































Assembly

Operation

Machine language (in hex)

nop
No operation90

inc result
IncrementFF060A00

mov class_size, 45
CopyC7060C002D00

and mask, 128
Logical and80260E0080

add marks, 10
Integer addition83060F000A
Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 10, 2011 09:00 Đọc tiếp >>

Android eMMC Booting

Thứ Năm, 18 tháng 8, 2011 / 07:00

eMMC binaries

This is the efi partition table as exists on the emmc
Sector#    Size Name

256 128K xloader

512 256K bootloader

2048 8M recovery

18432 8M boot

34816 512M system

1083392 256M cache

1607680 512M userdata

2656256 2183M media

Creating the GPT table

On Target

  1. Connect a USB cable to the OTG port on your platform

  2. Boot your platform up with a stock u-boot and MLO

  3. Once you platform is booted you will see the following:

Fastboot entered...

On Host Machine

locate fastboot in you android filesystem
cd $mydroid/out/host/linux-x86/bin/fastboot

Search for fastboot devices
fastboot devices

Create GPT table on eMMC/SD card
fastboot oem format

From the android build these are the binaries that go into each partition:
Sector#    Size Name            Binary

256 128K xloader MLO

512 256K bootloader u-boot.bin

2048 8M recovery recovery.img

18432 8M boot boot.img

34816 512M system system.img

1083392 256M cache cache.img

1607680 512M userdata userdata.img

2656256 2183M media none



File locations

  • MLO --> x-loader/MLO

  • u-boot --> u-boot/u-boot.bin

  • boot.img --> need to create using zImage + ramdisk.img

  • recovery.img ---> need to create using zImage + ramdisk-recovery.img

  • system.img --> $mydroid/out/target/product/<platform>/system.img

  • cache.img -->

  • userdata.img --> $mydroid/out/target/product/<platform>/userdata.img



All these partitions can be flashed with the given binary using fastboot.
fastboot flash <name> <binary>

Example flashing of all partitions
fastboot flash xloader     MLO

fastboot flash bootloader u-boot.bin

fastboot flash recovery recovery.img

fastboot flash boot boot.img

fastboot flash system system.img

fastboot flash cache cache.img

fastboot flash userdata userdata.img

Modifying .IMG Files

Typically when you want to modify any of the partitions, you would need to unzip-modify-rezip and then fastboot flash.
Following section talks about how to do that for each partition
BOOT.IMG
boot.img = zImage + ramdisk.img

zImage = kernel image

ramdisk.img = out/target/product/blaze/root/

 %./out/host/linux-x86/bin/mkbootimg

--kernel zImage

--ramdisk ramdisk.img

--base 0x80000000

--cmdline "console=ttyO2,115200n8 mem=456M@0x80000000 mem=512M@0xA0000000 init=/init vram=10M omapfb.vram=0:4M androidboot.console=ttyO2"

--board omap4

-o boot.img.new

Output: boot.img.new

**Note: bootarg is passed to kernel via --cmdline option above

To "just" boot boot.img (before flashing) you can use:
%fastboot boot boot.img

RAMDISK.IMG
 %mkdir root

 %cd root

 %gunzip -c ../ramdisk.img | cpio -i

<make changes to root/ contents...>

 %./out/host/linux-x86/bin/mkbootfs root/ | ./out/host/linux-x86/bin/minigzip >ramdisk.img.new

#output: ramdisk.img.new

** Note: any init.rc changes will need to use this method

RECOVERY.IMG
Is just like boot.img. 

recovery.img = zImage + ramdisk-recovery.img

*Follow the same steps as boot.img for packing/unpacking

SYSTEM.IMG
#uncompress

 %./out/host/linux-x86/bin/simg2img system.img system.img.raw

#mount to directory mnt-point/

 %mkdir mnt-point

 %sudo mount -t ext4 -o loop system.img.raw mnt-point/

#modify any .so or apk in the mnt-point/ directory

#rezip

 %sudo out/host/linux-x86/bin/make_ext4fs -s -l 512M -a system system.img.new mnt-point/

 %sudo umount mnt-point/

Output: system.img.new

Instead of having to reflash the whole big system.img, one can selective update any binary in /system folder on running target
%adb remount

%adb push <local> <remote>

Eg:

%adb remount

%adb push out/target/product/blaze/obj/lib/overlay.omap4.so /system/lib/hw/overlay.omap4.so

%adb sync

USERDATA.IMG
#uncompress

 %./out/host/linux-x86/bin/simg2img userdata.img userdata.img.raw

#mount to directory mnt-point/

 %mkdir mnt-point

 %sudo mount -t ext4 -o loop userdata.img.raw mnt-point/

#modify any .so or apk in the mnt-point/ directory

#rezip

 %sudo ./out/host/linux-x86/bin/make_ext4fs -s -l 512M -a userdata userdata.img.new mnt/

 %sudo umount mnt-point/

Output: userdata.img.new

CACHE.IMG
#This is empty ext4 fs image

 %mkdir mnt-point/

 %sudo ./make_ext4fs -s -l 256M -a cache cache.img mnt-point/

Output: cache.img

TI Android build setup

Copy kernel zImage, u-boot.bin and MLO for your board in folder device/ti/blaze/boot/.
Rename as:
 %mv MLO MLO_es2.2_emu 

or

 %mv MLO MLO_es2.2_gp

(based on your board being GP or EMU)

Next start standard android build and all img files are generated in:
out/target/product/blaze/*.img

A script is introduced in TI Android release to make this flashing process easier: device/ti/blaze/boot/fastboot.sh
Usage:

cd device/ti/blaze/boot/

%fastboot.sh --emu

or

%fastboot.sh --gp

Running this script will flash whole android system on your board.
Thứ Năm, 18 tháng 8, 2011 07:00 Đọc tiếp >>

Android Porting on PandaBoard

Introduction

This software release has been developed and verified in the following software and hardware environment.
Known Issues
  • AV playback -- not available at this time --TODO: need ducati binaries

  • Mic not tested

  • First start up is slow

  • Screen black out after 30sec. Edit display timing to fix or use ALT-F1 then ALT-F7 to bring back up

  • mouse is slow for first start up

  • android's keyboard does not show up

  • music.apk and other apps are crashing -- latest pre-built-binary release does not have the fix required.

Please note Toolchain is upgraded since L27.7.0 release.
OMAP4 SGX hardware Graphics Accelerator libraries are required to boot AFS.

OS Kernel: Linux® 2.6.35
Android: Gingerbread public project
SGX version: 1.1.17.4403
Toolchain: CodeSourcery compiler version Sourcery G++ Lite 2010q1-202 for ARM GNU/Linux
Reference hardware platform: PandaBoard A1 -- ES2.1, PandaBoard A2
Build Host OS: Ubuntu 10.04, Ubuntu 11.04
HDMI Display: HP2159m, DELL 2408WFP, DELL ST2220L
SD Card: 2GB Kingston Technology, 2GB SanDisk microSD (using ADAPTER)

 Prebuilt binaries

Download binaries: Gingerbread Pre-Built "DRAFT" Release Package
  • Pre-Built Release (WLAN/GFX included)

  • Launcher2.apk

  • kernel and android patches required for building

  • WLAN/BT patches -- Note: to rebuild wlan you need to pull the source and then apply patches

Visit: Create_Android_Rootfs_Directory for more information
Release Details

  • WLAN is functional

  • HDMI to DVI functional

  • GFX functional

  • Audio working

  • ADB enabled

  • Ethernet working

  • Mic not tested

  • TI Video playback -- not working -- requires the release of binaries

  • ARM Video playback -- not tested

  • music.apk and other apps are crashing -- latest pre-built-binary release does not have the fix required. Patch is available within pre-built-binary to fix this on build

Proceed to: Booting Android from SD card

 Building Pandroid

Tools & Dependency for Building

Pre-requisite packages for build Android Filesystem (Note this is with reference to uBuntu 8.04)
If you are behind firewall, you will have to set-up firewall using the instructions in Support Tools
For higher versions of U-buntu please refer to Host PC COnfiguration
The following commands will install the correct packages to your server:
sudo apt-get install git-core flex bison gperf libesd0-dev libwxgtk2.6-dev zlib1g-dev build-essential libstdc++5 tofrodos

sudo apt-get install x-dev

sudo apt-get install libx11-dev

sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev

sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jdk

64-bit environment users must install g++.multilib:
sudo apt-get install g++-multilib

“Intrepid (8.10) users may need a newer version of libreadline:
sudo apt-get install lib32readline5-dev”

 Android Environment Setup

Use the example below to setup your environment. Your environment may vary...
export YOUR_PATH=`pwd`

mkdir -p $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/mydroid

mkdir -p $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools

mkdir -p $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan

mkdir -p $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/mydroid

export MYDROID=`pwd`

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools/arm-2010q1

 Tool Chain for building Kernel and Drivers

The Kernel and Driver sources are built using Sourcery G++ Lite 2010q1-202 for ARM GNU/Linux version.
Download: arm-2010q1-202 to $Your_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools/
cd $Your_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools/

wget http://www.codesourcery.com/sgpp/lite/arm/portal/package6488/public/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/arm-2010q1-202-arm-none-linux-gnueabi-i686-pc-linux-gnu.tar.bz2

tar jxvf arm-2010q1-202-arm-none-linux-gnueabi-i686-pc-linux-gnu.tar.bz2

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools/arm-2010q1/

export PATH=$PATH:$YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools/arm-2010q1/bin

 Downloading Release Software

 Installing repo

For detail information regarding repo visit: Using Repo and Git
Other reference links on Git can be found in Techincal References page
Download repo to environment
$ cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/mydroid

$ curl http://android.git.kernel.org/repo > ./repo

$ chmod a+x repo

 Download Android source

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

cd $MYDROID

repo init -u git://git.omapzoom.org/platform/omapmanifest.git -b 27.x -m RLS27.12.1-P2_Gingerbread.xml

repo sync

Update PandaBoard device directory--- TODO: clean up and remove Blaze items
cd $MYDROID/device/ti/pandaboard

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/device/ti/pandaboard refs/changes/12/13612/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

Adding Mouse and Keyboard support
cd $MYDROID/frameworks/base

git remote add rowboat git://gitorious.org/rowboat/frameworks-base.git

git fetch rowboat

git cherry-pick 17128d44ab04c5b7cb2911e8b1c9f837aa9b36a5

git cherry-pick 174cb50436065dc092114d69fb40d5a7712e3ca0

Adding Audio Support
  • Patch 1 of 2

cd $MYDROID/hardware/ti/omap3

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/platform/hardware/ti/omap3 refs/changes/76/13276/5 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

  • Patch 2 of 2

diff --git a/modules/alsa/Android.mk b/modules/alsa/Android.mk

index 31d4890..b2c1e6b 100644

--- a/modules/alsa/Android.mk

+++ b/modules/alsa/Android.mk

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_USES_ALSA_AUDIO)),true)

endif

ifeq ($(strip $(TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM)), omap4)

ifeq ($(strip $(TARGET_BOOTLOADER_BOARD_NAME)), pandaboard)

+ LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DOMAP4_PANDA

LOCAL_SRC_FILES:= alsa_panda.cpp

else

LOCAL_SRC_FILES:= alsa_omap4.cpp

diff --git a/modules/alsa/alsa_omap4.h b/modules/alsa/alsa_omap4.h

index cde2a3e..40bb63f 100644

--- a/modules/alsa/alsa_omap4.h

+++ b/modules/alsa/alsa_omap4.h

@@ -26,12 +26,18 @@

#endif



// alsa devices

+#ifdef OMAP4_PANDA

+#define MM_DEFAULT_DEVICE "plughw:0,4"

+#define MM_LP_DEVICE "hw:0,4"

+#define HDMI_DEVICE "plughw:0,6"

+#else

#define MM_DEFAULT_DEVICE "plughw:0,0"

#define BLUETOOTH_SCO_DEVICE "plughw:0,0"

#define FM_TRANSMIT_DEVICE "plughw:0,0"

#define FM_CAPTURE_DEVICE "plughw:0,1"

#define MM_LP_DEVICE "hw:0,6"

#define HDMI_DEVICE "plughw:0,7"

+#endif



// omap4 outputs/inputs

#define OMAP4_OUT_SCO (\

Adding WLAN support
cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

git clone git://git.omapzoom.org/platform/hardware/ti/wlan.git

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan

git reset --hard 456971003aaa94a6b863b7a368aac8415ff32f8c

Patch for Google apps crashing -- Courtesy of Always Innovating
--- a/frameworks/base/libs/ui/InputReader.cpp

+++ b/frameworks/base/libs/ui/InputReader.cpp

@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@

{ // acquire state lock

AutoMutex _l(mStateLock);



- int32_t touchScreenConfig = InputConfiguration::TOUCHSCREEN_NOTOUCH;

+ int32_t touchScreenConfig = InputConfiguration::TOUCHSCREEN_FINGER;

int32_t keyboardConfig = InputConfiguration::KEYBOARD_NOKEYS;

int32_t navigationConfig = InputConfiguration::NAVIGATION_NONAV;

{ // acquire device registry reader lock

Kernel & Driver Source

To clone kernel source from scratch do:
cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

git clone git://git.omapzoom.org/kernel/omap.git kernel/android-2.6.35

cd kernel/android-2.6.35

git checkout ec895072ad0b686d2c130e5d80a3076a03042033

If you already have kernel source cloned then just update it (and add a remote if it is the first time):
cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

git fetch origin

git checkout ec895072ad0b686d2c130e5d80a3076a03042033

Kernel Patches

  • Audio fixes for kernel:

cd ${YOUR_PATH}/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/01/13001/2 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/02/13002/2 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

  • EHCI fixes for kernel:

cd ${YOUR_PATH}/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/17/13617/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

  • DSS patch

cd ${YOUR_PATH}/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/22/13722/2 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

  • WLAN patches

cd ${YOUR_PATH}/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/02/12002/2 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/03/12003/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/64/14064/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/67/14067/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/68/14068/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

  • update panda_defconfig -- TODO:get this merged:

cd ${YOUR_PATH}/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/29/13029/3 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

git fetch http://review.omapzoom.org/p/kernel/omap refs/changes/61/13861/1 && git cherry-pick FETCH_HEAD

 U-Boot Source

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

git clone git://git.omapzoom.org/repo/u-boot.git u-boot

cd u-boot

git checkout 601ff71c8d46b5e90e13613974a16d10f2006bb3

u-boot patch

a patch is available that changes the bootdelay as well as configures the correct bootargs: bootargs patch

 X-loader Source

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

git clone git://git.omapzoom.org/repo/x-loader.git x-loader

cd x-loader

git checkout c8855fa6b85bd44073bd1b25dbffa99f02cbeeed

 Build Instructions

 Setting up build environment

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

mkdir $MYDROID/logs

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun

export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-

export PATH=$YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/build_tools/arm-2010q1/bin:$PATH

 Building u-boot

Before building u-boot adjust the bootdelay and bootargs in omap4430panda.h
Note: Anyone wanting to try Fastboot do not adjust the BOOTDELAY
changing bootdelay

vim $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/u-boot/include/configs/omap4430panda.h

- #define CONFIG_BOOTDELAY 0

+ #define CONFIG_BOOTDELAY 5

build u-boot

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/u-boot

make distclean

make ARCH=arm omap4430panda_config

make 2>&1 |tee $MYDROID/logs/u-boot_make.out

For information regarding Fastboot visit: Android_eMMC_Booting

Building x-loader

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/x-loader

make distclean

make ARCH=arm omap4430panda_config

make ift 2>&1 |tee $MYDROID/logs/x-loader_make.out

Building Kernel

Build Kernel

To create kernel uImage you need to add "mkimage" directory path to your "PATH" environment variable. "mkimage" is located in your u-boot/tools/ directory.
cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

make ARCH=arm distclean #(required for rebuild only)

make ARCH=arm panda_defconfig

make ARCH=arm uImage 2>&1 |tee $MYDROID/logs/kernel_make.out

Building Kernel modules

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

make ARCH=arm modules 2>&1 |tee $MYDROID/logs/kernel_modules.out

Building WLAN driver

Build 127x station driver

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan/wl1283/platforms/os/linux

export KERNEL_DIR=$YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35

make clean

make TNETW=1273

Build 127x softAp driver

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan/wl1283_softAP/platforms/os/linux

make TNETW=1273

Building Android Filesystem (AFS) with TI Codecs enabled

on step below use the number of cores you have available; i.e. -j4 or -j12:
cd $MYDROID

cp -Rfp device/ti/pandaboard/buildspec.mk.default buildspec.mk

make clean #(required for rebuild only)

make TARGET_PRODUCT=pandaboard -j4 2>&1 |tee $MYDROID/logs/android_make.out

Preparing Android binaries SD Setup

This step will prepare a directory, called myfs, containing all necessary Android files that you must include within your SD card.

Create Android Rootfs Directory

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/

mkdir myfs

cd myfs

cp -Rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35/drivers/staging/ti-st/*.ko $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/root

cp -Rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35/drivers/bluetooth/btwilink.ko $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/root

cp -Rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan/wl1283/platforms/os/linux/tiwlan_drv.ko $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/system/etc/wifi/

cp -Rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan/wl1283_softAP/platforms/os/linux/tiap_drv.ko $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/system/etc/wifi/softap/

cp -ax $MYDROID/device/ti/proprietary-open/graphics/omap4/* $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/

cp -Rfp $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/root/* .

cp -Rfp $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/system .

cp -Rfp $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/data .

Adding BT/WLAN support

Download: GingerBread_L27.12.1-P2_Connectivity_127x-Install to your $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware
  • create diretory within rootfs for firmware

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs

mkdir -p system/etc/firmware

  • copy *.ko to rootfs

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan/wl1283/platforms/os/linux/*.ko system/etc/wifi/

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan/wl1283_softAP/platforms/os/linux/*.ko system/etc/wifi/softap

  • adding firmware to rootfs

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware/BT_Firmware/* system/etc/firmware/

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware/WLAN_config/Station_config/tiwlan.ini system/etc/wifi

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware/WLAN_config/AP_Config/tiwlan_ap.ini system/etc/wifi/softap

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware/WLAN_Firmware/Station_FW/firmware.bin system/etc/wifi

cp -rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/wlan_firmware/WLAN_Firmware/AP_FW/firmware_ap.bin system/etc/wifi/softap

Edit init.omap4430.rc for PandaBoard

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs/

vim init.omap4430.rc



on fs

-mount ext4 /dev/block/platform/mmci-omap-hs.0/by-name/system /system wait ro

-mount ext4 /dev/block/platform/mmci-omap-hs.0/by-name/userdata /data wait noatime nosuid nodev

-mount ext4 /dev/block/platform/mmci-omap-hs.0/by-name/cache /cache wait noatime nosuid nodev

on fs

+#mount ext4 /dev/block/platform/mmci-omap-hs.0/by-name/system /system wait ro

+#mount ext4 /dev/block/platform/mmci-omap-hs.0/by-name/userdata /data wait noatime nosuid nodev

+#mount ext4 /dev/block/platform/mmci-omap-hs.0/by-name/cache /cache wait noatime nosuid nodev



#Load IVA firmware

-service baseimage /system/bin/syslink_daemon.out -f /data/base_image_sys_m3.xem3 /data/base_image_app_m3.xem3

- critical

- user media

- group media

#Load IVA firmware

+#service baseimage /system/bin/syslink_daemon.out -f /data/base_image_sys_m3.xem3 /data/base_image_app_m3.xem3

+# critical

+# user media

+# group media

Edit init.rc for PandaBoard

cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs

vim init.rc

# once everything is setup, no need to modify /

- mount rootfs rootfs / rw remount

+#mount rootfs rootfs / rw remount

Replace Launcher apk

Take this from L27.12.1-P2 binary release.
cd $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs

cp -Rfp Patches/android/Launcher2.apk system/app

Booting Kernel and Android from SD

You will need to format your SD for the Linux file system. Connect your SD memory card reader with memory card inserted to a USB port on your Linux Ubuntu PC. You must login as Super User.
$ su

$ fdisk -l

Match the device to the size of your memory card. Look for the /dev/*** device which matches the memory card in the card reader. Use the matching device’s letter prefix in the next command. For example if the device for memory card reader card example was: /dev/sdb1, then use only /dev/sdb in the fdisk command.
Take note of the size in bytes of your SD Card. You will need this to calculate the number of cylinders in a future step.
$ fdisk /dev/sdb  (replace sdb with the letter prefix for your device)



(Delete all partitions on the card if they exist)

Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1-4): 1

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 2



Command (m for help): x



(Change the number of heads, sectors and cylinders on the device)

Expert command (m for help): h

Number of heads (1-256, default 255): 255

Expert command (m for help): s

Number of sectors (1-63, default 63): 63

Expert command (m for help): c

Number of cylinders (1-1048576, default 248): <You must calculate the number of cylinders for your SD card. To do this, use the following formula:



new_cylinders = (Size in bytes from your fdisk –l command)/8225280

Drop any fractional values and enter the whole number in this command.

Use this number all the steps that refer to the number of cylinders>



(Now return to the main menu)

Expert command (m for help): r



(Create the first partition)

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-248, default 1): 1

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-248, default 248): +64M



If you plan to use this SD card partition for storing media your can use +1024M assuming a 2+ GB SD card.



(Create the second partition)

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 2

First cylinder (10-248, default 10): 10

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (124-248, default 248): <use the cylinder value you calculated earlier>



(Change the first partition to at FAT32 partition)

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-4): 1

Hex code (type L to list codes): c

Changed system type of partition 1 to c (W95 FAT32 (LBA))



(Toggle the bootable flag for partition 1)

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 1



(Print the partition table to confirm your settings)

Command (m for help): p



(Sample Output – your output may differ depending on your SD card’s size and brand)

Disk /dev/sdb: 2041 MB, 2041577472 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 248 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000



Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 * 1 9 72261 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

/dev/sdb2 10 248 1919767+ 83 Linux



(Write your changes to the SD Card)

Command (m for help): w



(You will see the following output)

The partition table has been altered!



Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.





WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional information.

Syncing disks.



Format your partitions typing the following commands (logged as root@ubuntu-box):

$ mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n boot /dev/<your device’s first partition’s name – see the print output from the previous step>

$ mkfs.ext3 -L android_fs /dev/<your device’s second partition’s name – see the print output from the previous step>



There is a shell script that all calculations above automatically; to get it do:

$ wget http://cgit.openembedded.org/cgit.cgi/openembedded/plain/contrib/angstrom/omap3-mkcard.sh



Add execution permission:

$ chmod +x omap3-mkcard.sh



And you are ready to use it by just typing:

$sudo ./omap3-mkcard.sh <your_device (e.g. /dev/sdb)>

Copying Binaries onto SD Card

Now type the following to mount your SD Card on your Linux box:
mkdir /tmp/mmc1

mkdir /tmp/mmc2

sudo mount /dev/<your device’s first partition’s name> /tmp/mmc1

sudo mount /dev/<your device’s second partition’s name> /tmp/mmc2

Load the appropriate software to the SD Card:
sudo cp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/x-loader/MLO /tmp/mmc1   #(if you are using EMU or HS device, plese copy signed MLO instead)

sudo cp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/u-boot/u-boot.bin /tmp/mmc1

sudo cp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/kernel/android-2.6.35/arch/arm/boot/uImage /tmp/mmc1

sudo cp -Rfp $YOUR_PATH/L27.12.1-P2/myfs/* /tmp/mmc2

sudo chmod -R 777 /tmp/mmc2/*

sync

sudo umount /tmp/mmc1

sudo umount /tmp/mmc2

SD Booting

Insert your SD card (with u-boot, x-loader and uImage loaded in FAT partition and ) into PandaBoard SD/MMC card slot, then plug the PandaBoard mini USB port to your PC and open a serial terminal (baudrate:115200, no parity, 8 bits). Power your board up and in your terminal window you should be able to see the ‘New’ u-boot prompt:
“PANDA #”

In your serial terminal define the bootargs and boot as mentioned in the bootarg section.</br>
Right after this your PandaBoard should start booting using the kernel image and loading the Android filesystem from your SD

Bootargs

Note that parameter mem=456M@0x80000000 mem=512M@0xA0000000 should be used in the bootargs
L27.12.1-P2 Bootargs for SD card boot

setenv bootargs 'console=ttyO2,115200n8 androidboot.console=ttyO2 mem=456M@0x80000000 mem=512M@0xA0000000 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootdelay=2 init=/init vram="32M" omapfb.vram=0:16M omapdss.def_disp=hdmi consoleblank=0' 

setenv bootcmd 'mmcinit 0;fatload mmc 0 0x80000000 uImage; bootm 0x80000000'

boot

NOTE: some people have reported problems with copy-n-paste with the single line bootargs listed above. use this set of bootargs for paste functions:
setenv console console=ttyO2,115200n8 androidboot.console=ttyO2

setenv memory mem=456M@0x80000000 mem=512M@0xA0000000

setenv rootfs root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootdelay=2 init=/init

setenv vmem vram="32M" omapfb.vram=0:16M

setenv display omapdss.def_disp=hdmi consoleblank=0

setenv bootargs ${console} ${memory} ${rootfs} ${vmem} ${display}

printenv bootargs

setenv bootcmd 'mmcinit 0;fatload mmc 0 0x80000000 uImage; bootm 0x80000000'

boot

Preparing Android using Fastboot Bootup

Booting into fastboot

Hold down the the input button (button located furthest away from SD card) during bootup. This will bring pandaboard up into fastboot. Below is what you should see:
Texas Instruments X-Loader 1.41 (May 17 2011 - 10:31:50)

Starting OS Bootloader from MMC/SD1 ...



U-Boot 1.1.4-L27.13.1^0-dirty (May 17 2011 - 10:31:23)



Load address: 0x80e80000

DRAM: 1024 MB

Flash: 0 kB

Using default environment



In: serial

Out: serial

Err: serial



efi partition table:

256 128K xloader

512 256K bootloader

2048 8M recovery

18432 8M boot

34816 512M system

1083392 256M cache

1607680 512M userdata

2656256 589M media

Net: KS8851SNL

Panda: GPIO_121 pressed: entering fastboot....

Device Serial Number: 1D62000300000001

Fastboot entered...

Creating SD GPT Partitions

on Host

cd $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/

sudo ./../../../host/linux-x86/bin/fastboot oem format

new partition table:

256 128K xloader

512 256K bootloader

2048 8M recovery

18432 8M boot

34816 512M system

1083392 256M cache

1607680 512M userdata

2656256 589M media

Flashing bootloader, xloader and boot image.

This step is only done once. This simply creates the GPT table required for booting. If you have a new SD card you should preform this step. If you have already preform this step you can easily just flash binaries to the SD card.
cd $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/

sudo ./../../../host/linux-x86/bin/fastboot flash bootloader boot/u-boot.bin

sudo ./../../../host/linux-x86/bin/fastboot flash xloader boot/MLO

sudo ./../../../host/linux-x86/bin/fastboot flash boot boot.img

Power down and restart --hold down button during boot and re-enter fastboot

Flashing complete environment

This step will flash the entire android system to the SD card.
cd $MYDROID/out/target/product/pandaboard/

sudo ./fastboot.sh

Thứ Năm, 18 tháng 8, 2011 06:58 Đọc tiếp >>

PandaBoard Cortex-A9

Chủ Nhật, 7 tháng 8, 2011 / 04:31


Like the related open-platform BeagleBoard.org and newer HawkBoard.org projects, PandaBoard.org developed and supports a board incorporating a Texas Instruments SoC that targets hobbyists, as well as professional developers wanting to prototype new embedded designs. (The HawkBoard is built around the ARM9-based OMAP-L138.)



PandaBoard

(Click to enlarge)

Like the BeagleBoard, which recently moved up from its OMAP3530 foundation to a 720p-ready DM3730 SoC in its BeagleBoard-xM version, the PandaBoard is distributed by Digi-Key. Whereas both BeagleBoard versions are based on ARM Cortex-A8 SoCs and targeted at the general embedded device market, the 4.0 x 4.5-inch PandaBoard moves up to the Cortex-A9-based 1GHz OMAP4430 SoC and is more specifically aimed at smartphones and other mobile devices. The board can record and play back video with 1080p quality at 30 frames per second, says PandaBoard.org .
Texas Instruments began sampling the OMAP4430 and OMAP4440 in February. At the same time TI introduced a Linux- and Android-compatible "Blaze" hardware/software development platform in smartphone format. The Blaze (pictured) sports a pico projector, dual 3.7-inch displays, three cameras, an HDMI output, a compass, plus a barometer and other sensors.
The OMAP4 family was announced at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Feb. 2008, as we reported at the time. These 45nm SoCs (system on chips) are built around ARM's Cortex-A9 processor, which implements the same ARMv7 used on the Cortex-A8 and adds a MPCore interconnect layer for multiple processor support. While as many as four cores are possible (see block diagram, here), the OMAP4 chips use two, as depicted below.

OMAP44x function block diagram
(Click to enlarge)

Touted OMAP44x features include the following:
  • 10+ hours of 1080p HD video playback
  • 4+ hours of 1080p HD record
  • 140+ hours of CD quality audio playback
  • POWERVR SGX540 graphics engine
  • 3D UI support
  • Resolutions up to WSXGA (1680x1050)
  • HDMI compatible
  • 12 x 12 x 0.4mm POP (package-on-package)
  • Supports Pico projection technology


PandaBoard detail

(Click to enlarge)

As noted in the detail photo above and the block diagram below, the PandaBoard is equipped with 1GB of LPDDR2 DRAM and an SD/MMC memory card slot. An LCD expansion slot is provided, as well as HDMI 1.3 and DVI ports, supporting simultaneous dual displays. Like TI's Blaze reference platform, the PandaBoard is equipped with TI's multipurpose wireless chip, the WiLink 7.0. The WiLink provides the board with 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi, as well as Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR, FM radio, and a GPS receiver.


PandaBoard block diagram

(Click to enlarge)

The PandaBoard also has a 10/100 Ethernet port,  dual USB 2.0 Host ports, and a USB 2.0 OTG port, says the project. An RS-232 port, camera connector, JTAG port, and stereo audio I/O are also said to be available, along with a "generic expansion connector" that supports interfaces like SD/MMC, USB, GPMC, DSS, ETM, McSPI, I2C, and UARTs. The PandaBoard measures 4.5 x 4.0 inches (114.3 x 101.6mm), up from 3.25 × 3.25 inches for the BeagleBoard-xM. Equipped with a five Volt power supply, the board features power and reset buttons as well as status LEDs, says the project.
Software
The PandaBoard is currently optimized to run several open source Linux operating systems. These include Ubuntu 10.10 and beyond, as well as a minimal Angstrom Linux distribution. There is also an Android port called Pandroid.
In addition, the platform is said to be generally compatible with Linux distributions such as MeeGo and Chrome OS.
Projects listed at the PandaBoard.org community site include RISC OS on OMAP4, XBMC, Wireless sniffer, Gentoo Linux, MeeGo, GeeXboX, OpenBricks, Pandroid, and Ubuntu on PandaBoard.
Testimonials
Stated Jon Melamut, VP of sales and product management, OEM services for Canonical -- in the first example we can recall of Canonical saying Ubuntu will be heading for tablets -- "We expect PandaBoard to be adopted across the industry as the platform of choice for developers and also to increase the impact in accelerating the usage of Ubuntu in key target markets like netbooks, tablets and new in-home products."
Stated Ben Cade, executive officer, Linaro, "PandaBoard combines the performance of a PC in the power footprint of mobile at an affordable cost; it is a very exciting option for software developers. Linaro is investing in open source tools and software to ensure that the advanced features of the dual core Cortex-A9 used on the PandaBoard can be easily used by software developers and distributions around the world."
Stated Jim Zemlin, executive director, the Linux Foundation, "We're pleased to see more and more Linux-based projects and products spring up in the embedded space. PandaBoard looks to be a great addition to the Linux developer community and will give developers access to TI's OMAP platform in a low cost way."



PandaBoard introduction video

Source: PandaBoard.org
(Click to play)

Availability The PandaBoard is available now for $174 from Digi-Key, here. More information on the PandaBoard may be found here, and more on the PandaBoard community and related software should be here.
Chủ Nhật, 7 tháng 8, 2011 04:31 Đọc tiếp >>

PandaBoard

PandaBoard Platform Specifications

PandaBoard: First open OMAP™ 4 mobile software development platform includes the following:
OMAP4430 Processor (Highlights)
  • Dual-core ARM® Cortex™-A9 MPCore™ with Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) at 1 GHz each. Allows for 150% performance increase over previous ARM Cortex-A8 cores.
  • Full HD (1080p) multi-standard video encode/decode
  • Imagination Technologies’ POWERVR™ SGX540 graphics core supporting all major API's including OpenGL® ES v2.0, OpenGL ES v1.1, OpenVG v1.1 and EGL v1.3 and delivering 2x sustained performance compared to the previous SGX530 core
  • Low power audio

Technical Specs

Core Logic

  • OMAP4430 applications processor

Display

  • HDMI v1.3 Connector (Type A) to drive HD displays
  • DVI-D Connector (can drive a 2nd display, simultaneous display; requires HDMI to DVI-D adapter)
  • LCD expansion header

Memory

  • 1 GB low power DDR2 RAM
  • Full size SD/MMC card cage with support for High-Speed & High-Capacity SD cards

Audio

  • 3.5"  Audio in/out
  • HDMI Audio out

Connectivity

  • Onboard 10/100 Ethernet

Wireless Connectivity

  • 802.11 b/g/n (based on WiLink™ 6.0)
  • Bluetooth® v2.1 + EDR (based on WiLink™ 6.0)

Expansion

  • 1x USB 2.0 High-Speed On-the-go port
  • 2x USB 2.0 High-Speed host ports
  • General purpose expansion header (I2C, GPMC, USB, MMC, DSS, ETM)
  • Camera expansion header

Debug

  • JTAG
  • UART/RS-232
  • 2 status LEDs (configurable)
  • 1 GPIO Button

Dimensions

  • Height: 4.5" (114.3 mm)
  • Width:  4.0" (101.6 mm)
  • Weight: 2.6 oz (74 grams)
 
Chủ Nhật, 7 tháng 8, 2011 04:27 Đọc tiếp >>

New Tools For Using the DSP on Hawkboard

Last week, TI released two new software development tools that they hope will encourage more developers (especially ARM developers) to make use of the DSP on their ARM+DSP platforms (which includes the OMAP-L138 at the heart of the Hawkboard).
The first tool, called C6Run, aims to provide an automated way to compile and run code on the DSP core, without having to learn any new tools or APIs.  When programs built using these tools are run, from the target Linux system, the DSP is enabled, loaded and communicated with by the ARM.  Individual portions of applications, or entire applications can be executed on the DSP. Documentation for the tool is available on TI’s embedded processor wiki. This tool is also open source and is being developed on TI’s external subversion server.
The second tool, called C6Accel, provides pre-defined APIs to access the collection of TI’s optimized DSP libraries for their C6000 architecture.  As the DSP core in the OMAP-L138 is both a fixed-point and floating-point DSP, the exposed libraries include optimized fixed- and floating- point code.  The exposed libraries include simple math libraries, image processing routines, and optimized signal processing routinesDocumentation for this tool is also available on TI’s embedded processor wiki.
It will be interesting to see if ARM developers actually start making use of these to utilize the DSP.
Chủ Nhật, 7 tháng 8, 2011 04:16 Đọc tiếp >>

Hawkboard

Hardware Details

Hawkboard hw.jpg


Software Details

Tools & Softwares Downloads

Note:
1.Systems running "full" Linux, i.e., Linux on CPUs with an MMU. Use this to build both the Linux kernel and applications.
2.New Releases : http://www.codesourcery.com/sgpp/lite/arm/portal/release1039




Note:
1.This is for RTOS systems or "bare metal" systems where no operating system is present. These toolchains should not be used to build Linux kernels or Linux applications.
2.New Releases : http://www.codesourcery.com/sgpp/lite/arm/portal/release1033


Tools From Other Vendors

JTAG emulators

Misc Tools

Sources

Sample Rootfs

1.Ubuntu Jaunty http://hawktool.googlecode.com/files/RootFS_v1.tar.bz2 (username/password =hawk/password)
2.Fedora RootFS -http://ftp.linux.org.uk/pub/linux/arm/fedora/rootfs/rootfs-f12.tar.bz2 (username/password =root/fedoraarm)
3.Impactlinux http://impactlinux.com/fwl/downloads/binaries/root-filesystem-armv5l.tar.bz2


Getting Started

1.Powering the Device: Hawkboard can be powered through USB OTG port(mini USB) or Separate 5V Source. Since the USB port of a PC/laptop or hub are often limited to 500 mA, it is advisable to use a separate power supply of 5VDC that supplies at least 1 A of current.
Note: It is recommended to use a separate 5VDC Power supply with at least a 1 Amps current rating instead of USB Power for Normal Operation of the Board
2.Connecting VGA Monitor: Once the power supply has been attached, Hawkboard boots to Uboot Bootloader and will show Hawkboard Logo on Screen.
3.Connecting UART: To transfer images to Hawkboard and to set other parameters, the UART/serial cable needs to be attached to Hawkboard and PC. A NULL Modem(Crossed Cable i.e 2 and 3 Crossed) is needed for that. Run a terminal session (such as Minicom on Linux or TeraTerm on Windows) on the Host PC and configure it to connect to that serial port with the following characteristics:
Bits per Second: 115200
Data Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
Flow Control: None
Transmit delay: 0 msec/char, 10 msec/line
Hawk Serial Set.JPG
After powering the device you should be able to see the following:
Hawk uboot msg.JPG Hawk vga logo.jpg


  • On Hyperterminal (Any other Serial Console) (Left) On VGA Monitor you will see HawkBoard Logo (Right)


Command prompts in this guide

In this guide, commands are preceded by prompts that indicate the environment where the command is to be typed. For example:
  • host$
Indicates command to be typed into the shell window of the host Linux workstation.
  • Hawkboard.org>
Indicates commands to be typed into the U-Boot shell in a console window connected to the Hawkboard's serial port.
  • target$
Indicates commands to be typed into the Linux shell in the terminal window connected to the Hawkboard's serial port or TTY..

Building & Booting Uboot images from source

HawkBoard comes with pre-installed U-boot and normally you don't want to Compile and Load U-boot unless you have Bricked the Bootloader or want to change something.So You can Skip this Section and can go Directly to Compiling Linux Kernel or Booting Kernel Section.

Setting up the Linux Environment

Most of the following instruction for UART booting are meant for Windows environment. For people who only have Linux on their machines the UART booting steps and creating the UART and NAND image from the ELF files seems impossible. But nothing is impossible on Linux. Hence the way out. The following instructions are Fedora specific. If you have a Debian based distro please make the corresponding changes with apt-get.
  • Installing WINE and MONO
host# yum install wine mono* -y
You need to install wine and mono(make sure your mono is v2.4 and above) packages. They will help you install and run the TI provided development tools.
  • Installing the TI development tools
host$ wine AISgen_d800k002_Install_v1.3.exe
These tools are installed in your wine/drive_C directory where-ever that is defined for your particular distribution. For Fedora the steps are as follows, from your home directory.
  • Using the actual tools
host$ cd .wine/drive_c/Program Files/Texas Instruments/AISgen for D800K002/
  • Running the AISgen tool
host$ mono AISgen_d800k002.exe
  • Running the UartHost tool
host$ cd UartHost
host$ mono UartHost.exe
  • Setting up your COMPORT
host$ cd .wine/dosdevices
host# ln -s /dev/ttyS1 com1
Now you can follow all the instructions given below from your Linux machine.

Compiling u-boot (bootloader)

  1. Issue compile commands with make:
host$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- distclean
host$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- omapl_hawkboard_config
host$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
If you get an error while compiling, see the FAQor the mailing list thread

Signing u-boot for UART boot

  1. Copy u-boot (elf) file to the host machine where AIS Generator is installed. Follow the below steps
  2. AIS gen uart1.JPG
  3. AIS gen uart2.JPG
  4. AIS gen uart3.JPG
  5. AIS gen uart4.JPG

Signing u-boot for NAND boot

  1. Copy u-boot (elf) file to the host machine where AIS Generator is installed. Follow the below steps
  2. AIS gen nand1.JPG
  3. Configure PLL0, PLL1, DDR tabs as shown above. The File name to generate remains as in the step above.

Booting

Booting u-boot over UART

  • Power OFF the board
  • Close any previously running terminal programs
  • Connect the UART cable(Null/Cross Cable) to the Host machine.
Following process used on Windows family of Operating System:
  • User can use mono utility with dvflasher.ext program to load u-boot on Linux system.
  • Details To be updated
Following process used on Windows family of Operating System:
  • Configure the Boot Switches as 1-OFF 2-ON 3-OFF 4-ON
  • Start the UART Host Utility, should have been installed with AIS Generator / UART Host Tool
  • Select the AIS FILE Generated for UART
UART HOST BOOT.JPG
  • Click on the Start button
  • Power UP the Device
  • If you see errors click on stop and press start again and give a board reset.
  • Wait till you all the below messages and COM is closed:
(File IO): Read 414964 bytes from file D:\hawk_release\u-boot_uart_ais.bin.
(Serial Port): Opening COM1 at 115200 baud...
(AIS Parse): Read magic word 0x41504954.
(AIS Parse): Waiting for BOOTME...
(AIS Parse): Performing Start-Word Sync...
(AIS Parse): Performing Ping Opcode Sync...
(AIS Parse): Processing command 0: 0x5853590D.
(AIS Parse): Performing Opcode Sync...
(AIS Parse): Executing function...
(AIS Parse): Processing command 1: 0x5853590D.
(AIS Parse): Loaded 1512-byte section to address 0xC10E4BEC.
...
...
...
(AIS Parse): Processing command 15: 0x58535906.
(AIS Parse): Performing Opcode Sync...
(AIS Parse): Performing jump and close...
(AIS Parse): AIS complete. Jump to address 0xC1080000.
(AIS Parse): Waiting for DONE...
(AIS Parse): Boot completed successfully.
(Serial Port): Closing COM1.
  • Now Start any standard UART Terminal and hit enter key, should see the u-boot prompt

Procedure to flash u-boot on NAND

After booting the u-boot over UART as mentioned above,
  • On the u-boot prompt in the terminal window
  • Configure the Ethernet server and Client IP addresses, For e.g.
hawkboard.org > setenv serverip 172.24.156.199
hawkboard.org > setenv ipaddr 172.24.190.58
  • Download the u-boot generated for NAND
hawkboard.org > tftpboot 0xc0700000 u-boot_nand_ais.bin

TFTP from server 172.24.156.199; our IP address is 172.24.190.58
Filename 'u-boot_nand_ais.bin'.
Load address: 0xc0700000
Loading: #################################################################
#################
done
Bytes transferred = 414988 (6550c hex)
  • Erase NAND Flash
hawkboard.org > nand erase

NAND erase: device 0 whole chip
OK
  • Flash the NAND with u-boot
hawkboard.org > nand write.e 0xc0700000 0x20000 0x70000
NAND write: device 0 offset 0x20000, size 0x70000
458752 bytes written: OK
hawkboard.org >
  • Switch off the board
  • Change the DIP Switches for NAND boot 1-ON 2-OFF 3-OFF 4-OFF

Booting u-boot over NAND

Flash u-boot into NAND as mentioned above
  • Switch off the board
  • Change the DIP Switches for NAND boot 1-ON 2-OFF 3-OFF 4-OFF
  • Switch on the board

Building & Booting Kernel images from source

Compiling Linux Kernel

  1. Issue compile commands with make:
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- distclean
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- omapl138_hawkboard_defconfig
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi- uImage
If you get the "mkimage" command not found - U-Boot images will not be built error,build uboot from the source first and then copy the mkimage binary from ~u-boot-omapl1/tools to a directory in your PATH

Booting

Booting Linux Kernel and Mounting RAMDISK

You should find a kernel and a ramdisk image if you haven't found already. You can download samples from [1] (uImage_v1 & ramdisk_v1.gz)). Then copy these files to your "/tftpboot" directory assuming you will use tftp for transferring files to your board. In order to do so you need to run a tftp server on your system. Under linux a good choice is atfptd, but you can also use others. Typically a linux tftp server exports the directory /tftpboot. Make sure before you continue that your ftp server is running.
At the u-boot prompt:
Set ethernet connection:
$setenv serverip <PC ipaddress>
$setenv ipaddr <board ipaddress>
<PC ipaddress> should be the address of the PC running the tftp server.
<board ipaaddress> should be an address that is not in use on the same subnet as the tftp server.
Transfer files to the board:
$tftp c0700000 uImage_v1
$tftp c1180000 ramdisk_v1.gz
If you broke your bootargs previously then:
$setenv bootargs "mem=128M console=ttyS2,115200n8 root=/dev/ram0 rw initrd=0xc1180000,4M"
And finally boot the images:
$bootm c0700000
The TFTP transferred images can be written to the NAND Flash for future use to perform kernel upgrades and enable booting without network connection.
To do this erase the sections of the NAND containing the kernel and file system and write the images from RAM to the NAND.
$nand erase 200000 200000
$nand write.e 0xc0700000 0x200000 0x200000

$nand erase 0x400000 0x300000
$nand write.e 0xc1180000 0x400000 0x300000
The written images can be read back using
$nand read.e 0xc0700000 0x200000 0x200000
$nand read.e 0xc1180000 0x400000 0x300000
Set the bootcmd to read these images from NAND automatically and boot:
$setenv bootcmd 'nand read.e 0xc0700000 0x200000 0x200000;nand read.e 0xc1180000 0x400000 0x300000;bootm 0xc0700000'

Booting Linux Kernel and Mounting NFS (Network File System)

Load the Kernel through NAND Flash or TFTP Method ,Once kernel has been loaded to RAM using tftp c0700000 uImage_v1 or similar Next. Follow following steps to Mount RootFS through NFS.(Ubuntu)
Setting NFS Server
1. Install NFS Server
host$ sudo apt-get install portmap nfs-kernel-server
2. Share the Folder containing extracted RootFS (e.g /nfsroot contains RootFS)
Edit /etc/exports and add the shares:
/nfsroot <NETWROK_IP><SUBNET_MASK>(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)
e.g, /nfsroot 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)
Assuming your network is is 192.168.0.0
NB:- no_root_squash might be necessary if you are getting sudo erros in Ubuntu Rootfs
3.After setting up /etc/exports, export the shares:
host$ sudo exportfs -ra
restart the nfs-server if required
host$ sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart
Booting Board using NFS
Under Uboot prompt once the Kernel has been loaded through
hawkboard.org> tftp c0700000 uImage_v1
1.Set bootargs
Set boot arguments:
a)If Board uses Static IP


hawkboard.org> setenv bootargs 'console=ttyS2,115200n8 noinitrd rw ip=<HawkboardIP>:<server-ip>:<gateway-ip>:<netmask>::eth0: root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=<NFS Server ipaddress>:/nfsroot'
e.g
hawkboard.org> setenv bootargs 'console=ttyS2,115200n8 noinitrd rw ip=192.168.0.125:192.168.0.1:192.168.0.1:255.255.255.0::eth0: root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=<NFS Server ipaddress>:/nfsroot'
where 192.168.0.125 is board IP & 192.168.0.1 is gateway IP& Router IP.

b)DHCP IP Board
hawkboard.org> setenv bootargs "mem=128M console=ttyS2,115200n8 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=<Server ipaddress>:/nfsroot ip=dhcp"

2.And finally boot the image:
hawkboard.org> bootm c0700000

Booting Linux Kernel from USB

This steps work for USB Pendrive connected to Hub or Directly to USB Standard Port and rootfs is Ubuntu jaunty made through rootstock.Should work for other distribution too.
1. Load uimage through tftp ( as usual)
setenv serverip <PC IP>
setenv ipaddr <BOARD IP>
tftp c0700000 uImage_v1
2.Sent environment variable
setenv bootargs console=ttyS2,115200n8 noinitrd root=/dev/sda1 rootwait rw init=/sbin/init
3.bootm
bootm c0700000
Here /dev/sda1 is USB Drive with only one ext2 partition and rootfs lying init.

Booting Linux Kernel from SATA

Currently the provided u-boot does not allow booting from either SATA. However, it is possible to boot from nand and have the root filesystem loaded from SATA.
If you want to do so, you have to figure out the right partition for the root filesystem and add that to your bootargs.
E.g. in u-boot say something like:
setenv bootargs mem=128M console=ttyS2,115200n8 root=/dev/sda1 rootwait
Where you replace /dev/sda1 with the name of the device that contains your root filesystem. /dev/sda1 is a good name for sata partition 1 if no usb or sd devices are present. Note that the rootwait argument is needed. It tells the kernel to wait until the disk has settled.

Booting Linux Kernel from SD OR MMC

Currently the provided u-boot does not allow direct booting from either SD or MMC However, it is possible to boot from nand and have the root filesystem loaded from SD
If you want to do so, you have to figure out the right partition for the root filesystem and add that to your bootargs.

E.g. in u-boot say something like:
setenv bootargs console=ttyS2,115200n8 console=tty1 noinitrd root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 rootwait rw
or
setenv bootargs console=ttyS2,115200n8 console=tty1 noinitrd root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 rootdelay = 2 rootfstype = ext2 rw
Here p1 in mmcblk0p1 says that Rootfs is present in first partition of SD Card.

MISC

1.If you find screen broken, do this before bootm in u-boot, ideally this should go into kernel code
mw.l 0x01c14110 0x44442222 1;mw.l 0x01c14114 0x44400000 1;mw.l 0x01c14118 0x04604404 1;
2.For booting android over MMC the bootargs should be
setenv bootargs mem=128M console=ttyS2,115200n8 noinitrd root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 rootwait ip=off init=/init androidboot.console=ttyS2
3.You probably want to avoid that you have to retype these commands every time you want to boot. This can be achieved easily by issuing the following commands on the u-boot prompt:
setenv serverip <PC ipaddress>
setenv ipaddr <board ipaddress>
setenv bootargs_nfs mem=128M console=ttyS2,115200n8 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=<PC ipaddress>:/nfsroot ip=dhcp
setenv bootcmd 'setenv bootargs $bootargs_nfs;tftp c0700000 uImage.v1; bootm c0700000'
saveenv
Make sure to use single quotes in the last setenv command.


Custom RootFS

1.Fedora http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures/ARM/RfsBuild
2.http://arago-project.org
3.Ubuntu Use Rootstock
4.Angstrom uses Openembedded http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/narcissus/


Making Use of the C6740 DSP Core

The C6740 DSP core inside the OMAP-L138 processor is extremely capable, providing fixed-point and full double-precision floating-point operations. Probably the simplest way to get started with the C6740 DSP core on the Hawkboard is the C6Run project. It provides a GCC-like front end for building applications, which, when executed from the Linux command prompt, run transparently on the DSP. See the C6Run main page on the TI Embedded Processor wiki for more details and to get started.


FAQs

For HawkBoard frequently asked questions (FAQ) see community FAQ.


Common Issues

At this stage it appears that the latest (late 2010) batch of boards have serious problems many problems have been discussed on the mailing list regarding failure to boot linux and problems with tftp There has been a hardware fix posted on www.innovatesolutions.net and discussed HERE. Summary of the fix is either to send the faulty board to distributor who will send them on to innovate alternatively, the fix can also be done by customers without voiding guarantees. The fix is made up by removing two ferrite beads and shortening the pads afterwards. Hawkboard as deliveredHawkboard after the fix has been applied

Projects Based on HawkBoard

Live Links



Guide Links

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